Encyclopaedia on India

The Vijayanagara Empire (14th–17th century) was not only a formidable political and military force but also a vibrant hub of religious and cultural activity in southern India. Its rulers and subjects nurtured diverse traditions, philosophies, and sects, weaving together a spiritual landscape that was reformist, inclusive, and deeply rooted in local values. Advaita and Smarta Traditions The intellectual foundations of Vijayanagara’s religious life were shaped by Shankaracharya (AD 781–820), who systematized the Advaita or non-dualistic philosophy. His followers, the Smartas, emphasized monism and ritual practices. Mathas at Sringeri and Kanchipuram became prominent centers of learning, enjoying close ties with Vijayanagara rulers from the mid-14th century onward. Shaivism and Virashaivism Shaivism had several sects, including the Pasupatas, Kapalikas, and Kalamukhas. By the time Vijayanagara rose, the Pasupatas and Kapalikas had declined, while the Kalamukhas remained influenti...

The valleys of the Krishna and Godavari rivers, together with the Sahyadri plateau, form a region historically known as Desha . From this land emerged the Deshastha Brahmins, one of the oldest Brahmin communities in India, whose roots trace back to Vedic times. References in ancient scriptures highlight groups resembling the Deshasthas, underscoring their ancient lineage and cultural significance. Origins and Settlement The Deshasthas are widely spread across the Deccan region, particularly in Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. Known for their devotion, industrious nature, and ritualistic practices, they have played a pivotal role in shaping India’s spiritual, political, and intellectual life. Their reputation for honesty and reliability often placed them in positions of administrative and scholarly responsibility, making them integral to the functioning of society over centuries. Rigvedis and Yajurvedis The community is divided into two major sects: Rigvedis : Fol...