Encyclopaedia on India

Pasupata Shaivism is regarded as the earliest organized sect of Shaivism, dating back to around the second century CE. It belongs to the higher path (ati marga) of Shaiva traditions and is mentioned in the Naraniya section of the Mahabharata . The Sect Derives its Authority from the Pasupata Sutra , with an important commentary by Kaundinya. According to tradition, the teachings were revealed by Rudra, who incarnated as the sage Lakulisa by reanimating the body of a Brahman in a cremation ground. Lakulisa is considered the last incarnation of Shiva as described in the Kurma Purana . Origins and Scriptures The Pasupata Sutra is the central scripture of this sect. It outlines the practices and philosophy of Pasupata ascetics, emphasizing devotion to Rudra (Shiva) and liberation through his grace. While the sect maintained ties with Vedic traditions, it also introduced unique ascetic practices that set it apart from orthodox household life. Ascetic Practices and Stages Pasupata...

Introduction Maharashtra, one of India’s most culturally diverse states, is home to numerous tribal communities that have preserved their unique traditions, customs, and ways of life for centuries. These tribes, often residing in hilly and forested regions, represent the primitive and indigenous population of the state. Many of them are engaged in agriculture, hunting, fishing, and forest-based livelihoods. The Constitution of India recognizes several of these groups as Scheduled Tribes, ensuring them special rights and protections. Major Tribes of Maharashtra Warli Tribe The Warli Tribe is among the most well-known in Maharashtra, particularly famous for its Warli art, a distinctive form of mural painting using geometric patterns. They primarily inhabit the Thane and Palghar districts. Agriculture is their main occupation, and their art reflects themes of daily life, farming, and nature. Bhil Tribe The Bhils are one of the largest tribal ...