The Kunbi Tribe: Custodians of Agriculture and Tradition

The Kunbi tribe, also known as Kudumbi, is one of the most prominent agrarian communities in India, primarily concentrated in Maharashtra and Gujarat. The word Kunbi translates to “farmer,” reflecting their historic and enduring connection with agriculture. Traditionally, they formed the backbone of cultivation in the central provinces, and while farming remains their primary occupation, many have diversified into other professions in recent times.

Historical Roots and Migration

The Kunbis are believed to have migrated into the Khandesh region from Gujarat after being displaced by Rajput tribes. From there, they spread into districts such as Wardha, Nagpur, and Berar. During the Gond rule, Kunbis held important administrative positions: Deshmukhs served as leaders, while Deshpandias acted as head accountants. These titles continue to be associated with Kunbi Families in Western India even today.

Sub-Castes and Social Organization

The Kunbi community is internally diverse, comprising several sub-castes. The earliest immigrants were the Jungly or Jhare Kunbis, followed by groups such as Manwa, Khaire, Dhanoje, and Tirole. The Tirole sub-caste, considered the highest, claims Rajput ancestry and includes many Deshmukhs. Other notable groups include Wandhekars, Wanjari (linked to the Banjara caste), Lonhare, Ghatole, and Baone.

Each sub-caste is divided into exogamous clans, often named after animals or villages. Marriage within the same clan is prohibited, and unions between close cousins are forbidden. Traditionally, girls married between the ages of five and eleven, while boys married between ten and twenty. Polygamy was permitted but rarely practiced, while divorce and widow remarriage were allowed, reflecting social flexibility.

Cultural Practices and Attire

Kunbi culture is rich in traditions, expressed through clothing, cuisine, and rituals. Elderly men typically wear white dhotis and shirts, while women don saris known as Guzli. Kunbi women adorn themselves with ornaments such as Dhorlu pendants, Teak Nath nose rings, Mangal Sutra, Jhanhar anklets, and silver toe rings. Brides wear Maharashtrian-style saris paired with jewelry, symbolizing cultural continuity.

Their cuisine is equally distinctive. Dishes like Gessi and Patravado (made from leafy vegetables) are served during social functions. Another popular preparation is Avil (beaten rice), which gained legendary status when the Maharaja of Travancore ordered Kunbi families to prepare it for him.

Religious Beliefs and Festivals

Kunbis are deeply religious, worshipping the Mother Goddess, revered as Shakti or Devi. Women perform rituals such as Suvasini Puja, highlighting the spiritual role of women in the community. They also worship Hindu deities including Lord Ganesha, Hanuman, Shiva, Parvati, Krishna, and Vishnu.

Festivals are central to Kunbi life. Their major celebration is Pola, dedicated to cattle, reflecting their agrarian roots. They also observe Holi, Navaratri, Shivaratri, Nagapanchami, Onam, and Vishu, blending regional and pan-Indian traditions. Tribal fairs and dances, accompanied by instruments like Basuri, Dholak, Pavri, and Banjo, add vibrancy to their festivities.

Contemporary Challenges and Legacy

Despite their cultural richness, the Kunbi community remains socially and economically backward, with limited access to education and modern opportunities. However, social reforms and development programs are gradually improving their status. Historically synonymous with cultivation, the Kunbis continue to embody the resilience and simplicity of India’s farming communities.

Their legacy is further enriched by Sant Tukaram, the revered saint of Maharashtra, who Belonged to This Community. The traditions of the Kunbi tribe, though rooted in antiquity, remain a vital part of India’s cultural mosaic, symbolizing the enduring spirit of agricultural societies.

  

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